In the 18th century, Mughal power weakened, and provincial governors asserted independence. This led to the rise of regional states like Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Marathas, Sikhs, Rajputs, and Jats. These states reflected decentralisation of power, though most still used Mughal systems.

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• Mughal authority collapsed by 1761
• Provincial governors, zamindars declared autonomy
• Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad emerged as successor states
• Marathas, Sikhs, Jats rose through revolts
• Rajput states gained independence, expanded territories
• Mysore under Haider Ali, Tipu became key South Indian power
• Hyderabad ruled by Nizam Asaf Jah, new elite backed him
• Sikhs under Khalsa created strong Punjab base
• Jats established Bharatpur, strong trading hubs
• Despite growth, all failed to stop economic decline