Indian federalism is described as a “quasi-federal” system, combining features of both federation and union. While the Constitution aims to balance state autonomy with a strong Centre, multiple political, economic, and social issues continuously test this balance and shape Centre–State relations.

BulletsIn:

* India = “Union of States”; federation formed by devolution from a unitary, not by the states’ compact

* Core tension: state autonomy vs a strong Centre for unity & integrity

* Regionalism & demands for new states (Telangana, Gorkhaland, Vidarbha etc.) strain federal structure

* Centralised powers (Union, Concurrent, residuary powers, Articles 200, 249, 352, 356, 360, 256–257) tilt system to Centre

* Weak fiscal federalism; Centre controls major taxes, states depend on Finance Commission & transfers

* Unequal representation in Rajya Sabha; states have no real role in most constitutional amendments

* Indestructible Union, destructible units; Parliament can alter state boundaries without binding consent

* Governor’s office & Article 356 misuse often seen as tools of Central control over states

* Single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary & all-India services add unitary bias

* Centralised planning (NITI Aayog), economic disparities, language conflicts & external interference (NE region, neighbours) deepen federal tensions