In the Indian Parliament and State Legislatures, different types of majorities are required depending on the purpose, such as passing bills or motions. The Constitution does not explicitly classify majorities but references four key types: Absolute Majority, Effective Majority, Simple Majority, and Special Majority.

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• Absolute Majority: More than 50% of the total membership of the house. Example: In Lok Sabha (545 members), absolute majority is 273 votes. Used during general elections and government formation.
• Effective Majority: More than 50% of the effective strength (total membership minus vacancies). Example: In Rajya Sabha with 245 members and 45 vacancies, effective strength is 200, so effective majority is 101. Used for removal of Vice-President and Speaker/Deputy Speaker.
• Simple Majority: More than 50% of members present and voting. It is the most common majority used for ordinary bills, motions like no-confidence, and election of Speaker/Deputy Speaker. Example: If 400 members present and voting, simple majority is 201.
• Special Majority: Any majority other than absolute, effective, or simple. It is further divided into four types:

1. Article 249 Special Majority: 2/3rd of members present and voting, e.g., empowering Parliament to legislate on state subjects.
2. Article 368 Special Majority: 2/3rd of members present and voting plus over 50% of total membership, mainly for constitutional amendments.
3. Article 368 + State Ratification: Article 368 special majority plus ratification by over 50% of state legislatures, for amendments affecting federal structure.
4. Article 61 Special Majority: 2/3rd of total membership, used in certain impeachment proceedings.

• Absolute majority is not commonly used for daily parliamentary business except in government formation.
• Simple majority is required to pass ordinary, money, financial bills, and motions like no-confidence.
• Special majority is needed for constitutional amendments, removal of key officials, and approval of national emergencies.
• Ratification by states is mandatory for amendments that affect the federal balance, requiring special majority plus state approval.