During the Non-Cooperation–Khilafat movement in 1920, Gandhi expressed discomfort over communities shouting “Vande Mataram” and “Allahu Akbar” during riots, saying such chants showed deep divisions despite talk of unity. The long-standing Muslim opposition to Vande Mataram resurfaced in present political debate after PM Modi claimed in 2025 that crucial verses were “severed” in 1937, allegedly



