Lokpal operates at the national level, while Lokayuktas function in states. Both probe corruption allegations. The system aims to deter graft, protect whistleblowers, and restore public trust.

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•  Ombudsman concept originated in Sweden; India adapted it as Lokpal/Lokayukta
•  Idea proposed in Parliament in early 1960s by Ashok Kumar Sen
•  Terms coined by Dr. L.M. Singhvi for Indian context
•  Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act passed in 2013; in force from Jan 16, 2014
• Lokpal jurisdiction covers PM, MPs, central officials, PSU employees
•  Lokayuktas cover CMs, ministers, MLAs, state officials
•  Appointments via selection committees; President appoints Lokpal
•  Powers include investigation, summons, recommendations for action
• Designed to ensure transparency, accountability, deterrence
•  Challenges persist: delays, resources, low public awareness