The Green Revolution, launched in 1965 under M.S. Swaminathan, rapidly boosted India’s food production using high-yield seeds, irrigation, fertilizers, and mechanization. It ended food shortages, expanded rural incomes, and reshaped cropping patterns, though it also created environmental and regional imbalances.

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• Launched 1965; aimed to raise foodgrain output using modern tech
• HYV seeds of wheat, rice drove major jump in yields
• Punjab, Haryana, UP became core beneficiaries; regional gaps widened
• India shifted from food shortage to foodgrain self-sufficiency
• Big farmers gained most due to capital-intensive inputs
• Growth in tractors, pumps, fertilizers; agro-industries expanded
• Heavy groundwater use led to depletion; soil fertility declined
• Pesticide overuse caused pollution, health risks, and crop damage
• Mechanization reduced rural jobs in several regions
• Second Green Revolution focuses on sustainability, organic practi