India has faced repeated conflicts between Directive Principles and Directive Principles. Courts have clarified that both must be harmonised, but Fundamental Rights generally prevail except in limited cases involving Article 39(b) and 39(c).

 BulletsIn

•  Conflict arises when DPSP-based laws restrict citizens’ rights
•  Supreme Court favoured harmonising FR and DPSP where possible
•  If only one interpretation exists, FR prevails over DPSP
•  Champakam case: FR superior; DPSP cannot override FR
•  Golak Nath: Parliament cannot dilute FRs to implement DPSP
•  Article 31C added to protect laws for 39(b), 39(c) from challenge
•  Kesavananda: basic structure cannot be harmed; review power intact
•  42nd Amendment extended 31C to all DPSPs; later struck down
•  Minerva Mills: Only laws under 39(b), 39(c) get precedence
•  Present order: FR (except 14,19) → DPSP 39(b),(c) → FR 14,19 → other DPSPs