In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, North India witnessed major reform movements led by Arya Samaj and Dev Samaj. Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, Arya Samaj aimed to reform Hinduism by returning to Vedic principles. Meanwhile, Shiv Narayan Agnihotri’s Dev Samaj (1887) promoted ethical living and social reforms. These movements targeted











