Humayun, the son of Babur and the second Mughal emperor, ruled parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. His reign saw struggles for power, exile, and eventual restoration with the support of Persia.

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• Humayun, born on March 6, 1508, was the eldest son of Babur.
• He ascended the throne of India on December 29, 1530, after Babur’s death.
• His stepbrother, Kamran Mirza, controlled Kabul and Lahore, becoming a major rival.
• Babur divided the empire among his sons to avoid future conflicts, but tensions persisted.
• Humayun ruled from 1530 to 1540 and then regained power from 1555 to 1556.
• He was defeated by Sher Shah Suri in the Battle of Bilgram and exiled from India.
• During exile, he sought refuge in Kabul, Sindh, Amarkot, and later in Persia under Shah Tahmasp.
• With Persian assistance, Humayun recaptured Kabul, Kandahar, and parts of Central Asia.
• His reign marked a critical period in Mughal history, setting the stage for Akbar’s rule.