India follows a parliamentary system with a clear separation of powers among the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. The Executive implements laws and policies, while the Judiciary safeguards the Constitution and rule of law.

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• The Indian Constitution establishes the executive and judiciary as independent but complementary institutions to maintain democracy and the rule of law.

• The federal executive includes the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General, ensuring effective central governance.

• The President is the nominal head of the Republic of India, while real executive power lies with the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

• The state executive comprises the Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, Advocate General, and permanent civil services, administering state governance effectively.

• The judiciary has an integrated structure consisting of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts, ensuring smooth functioning of the legal system.

• The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution, exercises judicial review, and protects citizens’ fundamental rights.

• Judicial independence is ensured through separation from the executive, service security, and constitutional safeguards.

• The balance between the executive and judiciary is maintained through constitutional provisions, independent judicial review, and clear separation of powers.