Mesopotamian cities were built around palaces and temples, while Indus Valley cities followed a planned grid system around fortresses.

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• In Mesopotamia, most people lived in cities, whereas the majority in the Indus Valley resided in villages.
• Mesopotamian cities had protective walls, whereas walls in the Indus Valley were built around homes for protection.
• Mesopotamians used weapons like axes, knives, swords, and armor, while the Indus Valley was more peaceful with tools focused on agriculture and spears.
• Mesopotamian economy was centered on trading precious stones, while the Indus Valley thrived on trading cotton, crafts, and jewelry.
• Mesopotamians produced jute for oil, nets, and fabric, whereas the Indus Valley focused on agricultural products like fruits and vegetables.
• Mesopotamia had the earliest known writing system with a focus on judicial literature; the Indus script remains undeciphered.
• Mesopotamians invented the wheel, while the Indus Valley developed advanced measurement systems and brick-making techniques.
• Mesopotamians built pyramids as a connection between heaven and earth, while the Indus Valley worshipped nature and mother goddesses, with no clear evidence of temples.
• Mesopotamia had a patriarchal society, while the Indus Valley showed evidence of a matriarchal society.