The Government of India Act 1919, also known as the Montague–Chelmsford Reforms, marked a major step toward involving Indians in governance. Enacted during British rule, it introduced the principle of self-governance, diarchy in provinces, and expanded Indian representation in administration. However, limited powers, communal representation, and governor dominance restricted its effectiveness.

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•  Introduced as Montague–Chelmsford Reforms to expand Indian participation in government.
•  Based on Montagu–Chelmsford Report (1918) aimed at gradual self-government for India.
•  Diarchy system introduced in provinces — subjects divided into “reserved” and “transferred.”
•  Transferred subjects like health, education, local government given to Indian ministers.
•  Reserved subjects like police, revenue, and justice retained by British governors.
•  Bicameral legislature created at the Centre — Legislative Assembly and Council of States.
•  Communal representation expanded to Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, and others.
•  Public Service Commission established for first time; High Commissioner’s post created in London.
•  Introduced limited franchise — few Indians, including women (economic criteria), gained voting rights.
•  Drawbacks: real power with governors; ministers powerless; communal divisions deepened.
•  Paved the way for Simon Commission (1927) to review Act after 10 years.