The Government of India Act 1919, also known as the Montague–Chelmsford Reforms, marked a major step toward involving Indians in governance. Enacted during British rule, it introduced the principle of self-governance, diarchy in provinces, and expanded Indian representation in administration. However, limited powers, communal representation, and governor dominance restricted its effectiveness.
BulletsIn
- Introduced as Montague–Chelmsford Reforms to expand Indian participation in government.
- Based on Montagu–Chelmsford Report (1918) aimed at gradual self-government for India.
- Diarchy system introduced in provinces — subjects divided into “reserved” and “transferred.”
- Transferred subjects like health, education, local government given to Indian ministers.
- Reserved subjects like police, revenue, and justice retained by British governors.
- Bicameral legislature created at the Centre — Legislative Assembly and Council of States.
- Communal representation expanded to Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, and others.
- Public Service Commission established for first time; High Commissioner’s post created in London.
- Introduced limited franchise — few Indians, including women (economic criteria), gained voting rights.
- Drawbacks: real power with governors; ministers powerless; communal divisions deepened.
- Paved the way for Simon Commission (1927) to review Act after 10 years.




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