Economic nationalism refers to policies prioritizing national economic interests. Rooted in history, it has re-emerged globally due to globalization backlash, financial crises, and strategic concerns.

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•  Originated in mercantilism between 16th and 18th centuries
•  Expanded during industrialization with tariffs and quotas
•  Declined after World War II with free trade institutions
• Revived amid globalization dissatisfaction and crises
• Focuses on sovereignty, security, and self-reliance
•  Uses protectionism, state control, and FDI scrutiny
•  Aims to protect domestic industries and jobs
•  Strengthens control over strategic sectors
•  Criticized for inefficiency and trade retaliation