The Chola dynasty, a Tamil-speaking kingdom in southern India, thrived for centuries with strong rule and cultural legacy. Emerging during the Sangam Age, it peaked between the 9th and 13th centuries, dominating peninsular India. The Cholas excelled in administration, military, art, architecture, literature, and maritime trade, leaving lasting historical and cultural impacts.

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• One of the longest-ruling dynasties in Indian history
• Core region: Kaveri River Valley, present Tamil Nadu, parts of Andhra, Karnataka, Kerala
• Founder: Vijayalaya Chola in 9th century, started imperial Chola rule
• Rajaraja I, Rajendra I: key rulers who expanded empire via land and naval campaigns
• Empire stretched from Godavari to Maldives, Bengal to Sri Lanka
• Strong village self-governance; “Kudavolai” system for council elections
• Revenue system based on detailed land surveys, one-third produce tax norm
• Chola navy dominated Bay of Bengal, boosted overseas trade with China, Arabia, Southeast Asia
• Rich temple architecture: Brihadeshwara, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram
• Flourishing Tamil literature: Kamba Ramayanam, Periyapuranam, Moovarula