The Ahmadiyya Movement, founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, emerged as a reformist Islamic movement promoting revivalism, rationalism, and interfaith harmony.

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• The Ahmadiyya Movement was founded in 1889 at Qadian, Punjab, by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad during religious and social upheaval under British rule.

• Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the promised Messiah and Mahdi, aiming to revive Islam, promote peace, and defend the faith against criticism.

• The movement emphasised spiritual reform, moral upliftment, rational interpretation of Islamic texts, and dialogue with other religious communities.

• Ahmadis believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a prophet in a non-law-bearing sense, a view opposed by mainstream Sunni Muslims.

• The movement rejected violent jihad, advocating peaceful propagation of faith, interfaith harmony, human rights, and separation of mosque and state.

• In 1914, the movement split into the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Qadiani) and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement over doctrinal differences.

• After 1947, constitutional controversies arose in Pakistan, culminating in the 1974 amendment declaring Ahmadis as non-Muslims.

• Leadership after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad passed to successive Caliphs, beginning with Hakim Noor-ud-Din, followed by Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad.