A new study shows that the evolution of the Indian monsoon is linked to Antarctic glaciation 34 million years ago. Researchers used a fossil leaf from Nagaland to trace how polar ice growth shifted global rainfall, shaping monsoon patterns in India.

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• Study published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
• Antarctic ice growth reshaped global rainfall 34 million years ago
• Triggered heavy rains in what is now Northeast India
• Fossil leaf from Nagaland gave climate clues
• CLAMP analysis showed past climate wetter than today
• Ice growth shifted Earth’s main rain belt, the ITCZ, toward tropics
• Shift intensified rainfall in India, changed wind systems worldwide
• Findings match global timing of Antarctic glaciation
• 2024, India saw erratic monsoon, west floods while northeast dry
• Researchers warn millions relying on monsoons face higher drought, flood risks